Does the UK's voter photo ID rule lock out marginalised Brits?

LONDON - The deadline to apply for a free identity document to vote in Britain's July 4's general election expires on Wednesday and the Electoral Commission says marginalised groups are less likely to have valid forms of identification.

Unlike many countries, Britain does not have national identity cards, but new rules require voters to show a valid photo ID at polling stations.

There are 22 forms of photo ID accepted for in-person voters under regulations the government introduced to prevent voter fraud. Previously, Britons only had to give a name and address.

Registered voters without a correct ID can apply for a free document called a voter authority certificate before June 26. The certificate cannot be obtained on the day and voters without a valid photo ID will be turned away from polling stations.

At least 14,000 eligible voters - out of a potential electorate of 27 million - could not vote in 2023's local elections because they lacked the right ID, the Electoral Commission said.

The commission has said marginalised groups - such as the unemployed or disabled people, and those from ethnic minorities - are less likely to have accepted forms of identification.

Awareness of voter ID rules increased by 10% ahead of local elections in May compared to last year, but some 14% of voters were still unaware they needed photo ID to vote in person, according to a YouGov survey.

The Cabinet Office has said the new rules will strengthen the integrity of the voting system, though polling experts say election fraud is rare.

Here's how the new rules could exclude marginalised Britons from voting, according to campaigners and charities in comments made after the government rolled out the rules last year:

Black, Asian and minority groups

Equality think-tank the Runnymede Trust said voter IDs were likely to have a disproportionate impact on Black and minority ethnic people.

"Since it was proposed, we have warned that voter ID is a harmful, counterproductive measure that limits access to democracy for people of colour," said Alba Kapoor, Head of Policy at the Runnymede Trust.

LGBTQ+ people

Requiring voters to show a photo ID will add bureaucratic hurdles and costs to people who already face inequalities and are less likely to be able to afford a passport or driving licence, said LGBT+ rights group Stonewall.

In a 2021 report, nearly a quarter of trans respondents and almost one in five non-binary people said they did not have photo ID.

"The Voter ID requirement has already stopped many people from voting - and given the difficulties trans people face in updating their identification documents, we can surmise that they as a group are disproportionately affected," Felix Lane, Trans Advocacy Manager at Stonewall, said in emailed comments.

Rights advocates expressed concern that trans people may be denied a vote if they look different from their ID image, or if it has an out-of-date gender marker.

"When it comes to trans people, often a huge part of your life is tied up with whether or not your ID represents you," Cleo Madeleine at the Gendered Intelligence charity told Context.

"Unfortunately, a lot of trans people don't have the resources or supporting information to update something like a driver's licence or a passport with the right gender marker."

Homeless people

Housing charities say the ID requirement could make it even harder for homeless people to vote.

Only 2% of people who are homeless are registered to vote, according to 2017 data by the Cabinet Office. 

"When you  are living on the streets, in a hostel or going from  sofa to sofa, accessing, or keeping a hold of important documents can be a struggle and they can be easily lost or stolen," said Francesca Albanese from charity Crisis.

"By making photo ID mandatory, those without proof of identity – including those experiencing homelessness – are at real risk of being shut out of our democracy," said Albanese, the group's Executive Director of Policy and Social Change.

This article was updated throughout on May 1, 2024 ahead of local elections.

(Reporting by Lin Taylor, Sharon Kimathi and Rachel Savage; Editing by Sonia Elks and Lyndsay Griffiths.)